Planeria Quiz

QUIZ


QUESTIONS

1. What type of symmetry does the dugesia have?
radial 
bilateral 
asymmetry

2. What term is used to describe how a planarian can regrow its body parts?
regeneration 
fission 
cephalization

3. Which of the following is associated with the planarian's nervous system?
flame cells 
diffusion 
ganglia

4. Asexual reproduction can occur through a process called:
transverse fission 
binary fission 
cocooning

5. A hermaphrodite is an animal that:
can asexually reproduce 
can regenerate 
has both male and female parts

6. The dugesia belongs to the phylum:
platyhelminthes 
planaria 
turbellaria

7. How could a a person catch a dugesia?
using a net to siphon them from the surface of the water
using a hook and raw liver to attract them

8. An animal that has no internal body cavity to hold organs is called a(n):
turbellarian 
hermaphrodite 
acoelomate

9. How does the dugesia obtain oxygen?
diffusion 
through gills 
with its flame cells

10. The dugesia will tend to stay in what areas?
dark 
light 
warm

The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Chapter 17-20

Timeline (20 events between Ch17-20)

Ch17

1-Chester Southam tested for negative effects of HeLa cells on cancer patients

2-The test subjects quickly grew nodules 

3-Southam got 150 volunteers from Ohio prison

4-Prisoners had increased immunity to cancer

5-Southam began to inject gynecology patients 

6-Because of Southam's fault of not giving the subjects informed consent, his staff refused to help inject subjects. 

Ch 18

7-HeLa cells went up with the second satellite ever in orbit by the Russian space program in 1960.

8-Lewis Coriell published an article saying HeLa cells contaminates other cells and makes them act identically to HeLa. 

9-In 1960, French scientists discovered somatic cell fusion. 

10-In 1965, two British scientists Harris and Watkins fused HeLa cells with mouse cells

11-PR for cell culture made worsened after people thought the HeLa-mouse fusion would form a "mouse-man."

Ch19

12-Deborah Lacks for pregnant with Alfred "Cheetah" Carter's baby

13-Joe killed Ivy and turned himself into prison. He served 15 years. 

14-Deborah and Cheetah married. He became abusive, committed adultery, and was irresponsible. 

15-Deborah took the children and left Alfred. 

Ch 20

16-In September 1966, Stanley Gartler vied that scientists were simply growing and regrowing HeLa when they thought they were creating human tissues. 

17-T.C Hsu from University of Texas reports suspicions of cell-line contamination. 

18-Robert Chang from Harvard University refuted Gartler's claim by explaining that he grew cells from his daughters amniotic sac, and neither he nor his wife have the generic marker G6PD-A. 

19-The debate over the HeLa bomb begins. 

20-Scientists develop genetic tests and were led to Henrietta's family. 

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Disease anemia- pick an anemia, describe symptoms, treatment, prognosis, include a picture and reference

Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia and is usually caused by chronic blood loss by excessive menstruation. Moments in life such as growth spurts and pregnancy call for an increased demand in iron.

Some symptoms include tiredness, weakness, shortness of breath, glossitis, and rapid heart rate. In some instances, the patient suffers from a craving of strange food items such as starch, ice, and clay.

Mild to moderate cases of iron-deficiency can be treated with dietary improvement and iron supplements. Severe cases involve treatment in the hospital, blood transfusions, iron rejections, or intravenous iron therapy.

Close monitoring is needed to ensure that excessive iron supplements are not consumed as this can lead to toxicity, especially in children.

References:
http://www.health24.com/Lifestyle/Your-Blood/Anaemia-20130216-2

A Day In The Life of a Histologist

Career Histologist- describe a day in the life of, what training is required, salary, include a picture and reference

A histologist is one who detects, diagnoses, and treats diseases by analyzing cells and bodily fluids. They search for parasites, bacteria, and other microorganisms. They must be able to match blood for transfusion purposes and test drug levels in the blood that shows how a patient may be responding to treatment.

Histologists must have knowledge in using advanced computer software and lab equipment to analyze tissue. You only need an associates degree at minimum to become a histologist, but most have bachelor degrees in fields of medical technology or another type of lab science. Many employers require their applicants to be certified by the American Medical Technologist or National Credentialing Agency for Laboratory Personnel.


Salaries for histologists range from $26,430 to  $50,250, with the median being $32,840.


References:
http://diplomaguide.com/articles/Histologist_Career_Info.html

Liver Cancer

Disease cancer- pick a cancer, describe symptoms, treatment, prognosis, include a picture and reference

Most people don't have signs and symptoms in the early stags of primary liver cancer. When signs and symptoms do appear, they include weight loss, appetite loss, upper abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, fatigue, abdominal swelling, jaundice, and white, chalky stools.

The type of treatment you get for liver cancer depends on the stage of cancer you have. Some examples of treatment include

-Surgery to remove a portion of the liver-best done if tumor is small

-Liver transplant surgery-only an option for early-stage cancer

-Freezing cancer cells-extreme cold can destroy cancer cells

-Heating cancer cells-heat from electric currents can destroy cancer cells
-Injecting alcohol in the tumor-alcohol causes the tumor to die
-Chemoembolization-the drugs can cut blood flow to cancer cells and all the cells receive are chemotherapy drugs
-Radiation therapy-high-powered energy can destroy cancer cells and shrink the tumors
-Targeted drug therapy-targeted drugs interfere with the tumor's ability to generate new blood vessels


Tests and procedures used to diagnose liver cancer include blood tests, imaging tests, and removing a sample of liver tissue for testing. Once liver cancer is diagnosed, the doctor will determine the stage, or extent of the cancer. Staging can be classified as Roman numerals I-IV or Alphabet letters A-D. Stage IV or Stage D is the most severe type of cancer.




References:
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-cancer/basics/definition/con-20025222

A Day In The Life of a Cell Biologist

Career cell biologist- describe a day in the life of, what training is required, salary, include a picture and reference

Cell biologists infect tissue culture cells with a type of bacteria, such as Salmonella, and analyze the cell in a number of ways. They compare it to uninfected cells, and observe the changes that happen to those cells. Nowadays, many cell biologists are focused on observing what cell reproduction can reveal about cancer. Other cell biologists create vaccines or work with food and cosmetic manufacturers. To be a cell biologist, you must have analytical skills, active listening and interpersonal skills, and math skills. You must also know how to use compueter software such as the graphical imaging software and spreadsheet software.

Cell biologists usually have a Ph.D in cell biology or a related field of biology. You don't need any years of training after you have your degree to be a cell biologist which means you can get a job right after getting your degree. 

The annual pay for a cell biologist is $66,260.


References:
http://www.ehow.com/about_6766583_do-cell-biologists-do_.html
http://education-portal.com/articles/Become_a_Cell_Biologist_Education_and_Career_Roadmap.html

The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Chapters 13-16

Notable Quotes from The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks

1. "[The HeLa factory] was built for one reason: to help stop polio" (Chapter 13, p.93).
The polio epidemic became widespread just after doctors discovered how to use HeLa cells to cure diseases. Consequently, the cells immediately played a part into the medicine industry. However, no credit or royalties were given to the Lack's family even though the cells were used to change the medical state of the nation.

2. "HeLa was a workhouse: it was hardy, it was inexpensive, and it was everywhere" (Chapter 13, p.97).
Once again, the HeLa cells are shown to be an industry, a medical breakthrough. And once again, the Lack's get nothing. Seeing the revolution that the HeLa cells have brought to the world makes you wonder: Was it worth it for Gey to steal a tissue sample from Henrietta for cultivation? The medical advancement that became possible as a result of it shows that it was. Despite the success of HeLa cells in curing all sorts of diseases, you cannot ignore the unethical truths of how they came to be.

3. "Gey was relieved that companies had taken over HeLa distribution so that he didn't have to do it himself, but he didn't like the fact that HeLa was now completely out of control" (Chapter 13, p.103).
Judging from this quote alone, Gey did not intend for HeLa to become a widespread trend in the medical world; the overwhelming amount of work he was met with and the great number of people working with the cells came as a surprise to him. Just not a pleasant surprise. Gey showed his disapproval in the HeLa trend by writing streams of letter to other scientists, trying to restrict the way they used Henrietta's cells.

4. "That wouldn't have protected the Lackses' privacy, but it certainly would have changed the course of their lives" (Chapter 14, p.107).
. . . and it did. Even though the media used a pseudonym "Helen Lane" to take credit for carrying the cells in her body, somehow reporters found a way to link the cells to Henrietta Lacks. Readers understand the living Lacks' struggles with reporters when thinking back on the chapter that Skloot discussed her attempts to speak with the family. Apparently, the family became plagued by people taking advantage of HeLa cells for medical and media fame.

5. "One of Gey's colleagues told me that Gey created the pseaudonym to throw journalists off the trail of Henrietta's real identity. If so, it worked" (Chapter 14, p.109).
This is just a rumor. We don't know if Gey was the one who created the pseudonym of if Gey created the pseudonym for said reasons. It is possible that Gey used it as a ploy to not having to give royalties to the Lacks. Because Helena Lane was a made up person, Gey didn't have to give any money up to anyone regarding the cells.

6. "Despite the beating and molesting, Deborah felt closer to Galen than she ever had to Day" (Chapter 15, p. 114).
It is very unfortunate that Deborah suffered such a traumatic childhood, and did not even know how wrongly she was treated by her uncle Galen. It makes one think, how would things have changed if Henrietta was alive? If Henrietta gave Deborah the love and attention she wanted, then Deborah would not have accepted affection from Galen. This goes to show that when Henrietta was alive, she kept her family strong on their feet. Once she's dead, her family crumbles and becomes a big mess.

7. "'You just got to go to school,' Bobbette said. 'Don't mess with boy cousins, and don't have babies until you're grown.'" (Chapter 15, p.116)
Bobbette knows what she's talking about. This mindset was rare for women in those days who wanted, contrary to Bobbette's advice, to have many kids so that in the future, the kids will benefit the parents. Bobbette not only teaches Deborah to value herself and fight back against anyone who tries to take advantage of her, but also tells her the consequences of cousin-incest. This breaks the cycle of cousin-incest in Lacks Town, with Bobbette being one of the first non-Lacks to marry a Lacks.

8. " . . . a tiny woman's dress shoe with open toes. I wondered if it was Henrietta's" (Chapter 16, p. 120).
Even when Henrietta's objects still remain present, people behave as if she did not exist, which is ironic considering how popular her cells are. Perhaps there are other reasons why those who knew Henrietta didn't want to talk about her. Maybe they were tired of talking of her to the reporters and scientists who took advantage of them and harassed them for information.

9. "'I heard they did a lot of research and some of her cells have develop a lot of curing other diseases'" (Chapter 16, p.122).
Cliff seems to have a more positive response to the scientific research of HeLa cells than the Lack's did. He didn't suffer as much harassment from the press as the Lack's family did but he has a point in the positivity in this tone. The HeLa cells, despite bringing about injustice to the Lack's, solved many of the world's medical problems and is probably one of the most vital medical advancements in history.

10. "'My daddy's uncle kept a lot of the colored Lackses as salves.' Ruby said. 'That must be where they got their name. Evidently they took it when they left the plantation. That's the only thing I can figure" (Chapter 16, p.125).

Ruby is either ignorant of the slave-master relationships between the white Lacks and the colored Lacks or is a racist who chooses to pretend that such relationships didn't happen, even though she and Henrietta are related. 

The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Chapter 11-12

HeLa Chapter 11

1)diaphragm(83)-a muscular, membranous or ligamentous wall separating two cavities or limiting a cavity.

2)transfusion(83)-the direct transferring of blood, plasma, or the like into a blood vessel.

3)nauseated(83)-to affect with nausea; sicken.

4)asbestos(83)-a fibrous mineral, either amphibole or chrysotile, formerly used for making incombustible or fireproof articles.

5)calluses(83)-a hardened or thickened part of the skin; a callosity.

6)thrashing(85)-the act of a person or thing that thrashes.

7)convulsed(85)-to cause to suffer violent, spasmodic contractions of the muscles.

8)ward(85)-a division, floor, or room of a hospital for a particular class or group of patients

9)analgesics(85)-a remedy that relieves or allays pain.

10)disoriented(85)-confused as to time or place; out of touch

HeLa Chapter 12

1)obituary(89)-a notice of the death of a person, often with a biographical sketch, as in a newspaper.

2)autopsy(89)-inspection and dissection of a body after death, as for determination of the cause of death; postmortem examination.

3)morgue(90)-a place in which bodies are kept, especially the bodies of victims of violence or accidents, pending identification or burial.

4)pathologist(90)-the science or the study of the origin, nature, and course of diseases

5)incision(90)-a cut, gash, or notch.

6)formaldehyde(90)-a colorless, toxic, potentially carcinogenic, water-soluble gas, CH 2 O, having a suffocating odor, usually derived from methyl alcohol by oxidation: used chiefly in aqueous solution, as a disinfectant and preservative, and in the manufacture of various resins and plastics.

7)uremia(90)-a condition resulting from the retention in the blood of constituents normally excreted in the urine.

8)toxins(90)-any poison produced by an organism, characterized by antigenicity in certain animals and high molecular weight, and including the bacterial toxins that are the causative agents of tetanus, diphtheria, etc., and such plant and animal toxins as ricin and snake venom.

9)catheter(90)-a flexible or rigid hollow tube employed to drain fluids from body cavities or to distend body passages, especially one for passing into the bladder through the urethra to draw off urine or into the heart through a leg vein or arm vein for diagnostic examination.

10)undertaker(91)-funeral director

Why do you think Henrietta wasn't more vocal about her condition? Give support for your conclusion.

Henrietta did not express her pains over her conditions because she could not be weak, or at least she could not appear weak. She keeps her family stable by watching over the children, caring for Day, and cooking for all her family members. If Henrietta showed pain then the rest of her family would falter. Even when she decided to come out about her cancer, she only told two of her closest cousins, and lessened the situation by saying "Nothing serious wrong with me . . . I'm fine" (46). I think that Henrietta wanted to protect her family and not worry them, even if it meant silently suffering through the pains of cancer and cancer treatment.

Was John Gey ethical when he took Henrietta's cells? Why or why not?

No; Gey did not have consent from Henrietta or anyone in Henrietta's family to use her tissues for research. Henrietta only signed a form that allowed doctors to perform necessary surgery, and even then she was manipulated into signing it by the nurses, considering that Henrietta lacked the ability to read and comprehend words. When Gey took her cells, it was more for his cell culture project than for helping Henrietta be rid of her cancer.

The HeLa cells proved to be revolutionary to the world of medicine, but in the instant that Gey ultimately stole Henrietta's cells, the Lacks's family would enter a life of suffering and injustice. Politically, his actions were beneficial to all of mankind. Ethically, it was unjust, especially after seeing how the Lacks dealt with the consequences without any royalties

.

The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Chapter 10

The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Chapter 9

How are tumors formed?

Tumors are masses of cancer cells that pile up. It starts with one mutation, turning a regular cell into a cancerous cell. The cancerous cell behaves abnormally in that they have no signal to tell them when to start and stop reproducing so they are continually doing so. Oncogenes turn normal cells into cancer cells by interfering with these dividing signals. The suppressors will try to stop cancer cells from behaving abnormally, but the cancer cells usually overcome the suppressors. The cells can also destroy themselves in a process called apoptosis, but once the cells become cancerous, then apoptosis is not possible. Scientists have developed several drugs to treat cancer but the cells that escape treatment metastasize and form new, stronger, drug-resistant tumors.