Tuesday, October 21, 2014

The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Chapters 13-16

Notable Quotes from The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks

1. "[The HeLa factory] was built for one reason: to help stop polio" (Chapter 13, p.93).
The polio epidemic became widespread just after doctors discovered how to use HeLa cells to cure diseases. Consequently, the cells immediately played a part into the medicine industry. However, no credit or royalties were given to the Lack's family even though the cells were used to change the medical state of the nation.

2. "HeLa was a workhouse: it was hardy, it was inexpensive, and it was everywhere" (Chapter 13, p.97).
Once again, the HeLa cells are shown to be an industry, a medical breakthrough. And once again, the Lack's get nothing. Seeing the revolution that the HeLa cells have brought to the world makes you wonder: Was it worth it for Gey to steal a tissue sample from Henrietta for cultivation? The medical advancement that became possible as a result of it shows that it was. Despite the success of HeLa cells in curing all sorts of diseases, you cannot ignore the unethical truths of how they came to be.

3. "Gey was relieved that companies had taken over HeLa distribution so that he didn't have to do it himself, but he didn't like the fact that HeLa was now completely out of control" (Chapter 13, p.103).
Judging from this quote alone, Gey did not intend for HeLa to become a widespread trend in the medical world; the overwhelming amount of work he was met with and the great number of people working with the cells came as a surprise to him. Just not a pleasant surprise. Gey showed his disapproval in the HeLa trend by writing streams of letter to other scientists, trying to restrict the way they used Henrietta's cells.

4. "That wouldn't have protected the Lackses' privacy, but it certainly would have changed the course of their lives" (Chapter 14, p.107).
. . . and it did. Even though the media used a pseudonym "Helen Lane" to take credit for carrying the cells in her body, somehow reporters found a way to link the cells to Henrietta Lacks. Readers understand the living Lacks' struggles with reporters when thinking back on the chapter that Skloot discussed her attempts to speak with the family. Apparently, the family became plagued by people taking advantage of HeLa cells for medical and media fame.

5. "One of Gey's colleagues told me that Gey created the pseaudonym to throw journalists off the trail of Henrietta's real identity. If so, it worked" (Chapter 14, p.109).
This is just a rumor. We don't know if Gey was the one who created the pseudonym of if Gey created the pseudonym for said reasons. It is possible that Gey used it as a ploy to not having to give royalties to the Lacks. Because Helena Lane was a made up person, Gey didn't have to give any money up to anyone regarding the cells.

6. "Despite the beating and molesting, Deborah felt closer to Galen than she ever had to Day" (Chapter 15, p. 114).
It is very unfortunate that Deborah suffered such a traumatic childhood, and did not even know how wrongly she was treated by her uncle Galen. It makes one think, how would things have changed if Henrietta was alive? If Henrietta gave Deborah the love and attention she wanted, then Deborah would not have accepted affection from Galen. This goes to show that when Henrietta was alive, she kept her family strong on their feet. Once she's dead, her family crumbles and becomes a big mess.

7. "'You just got to go to school,' Bobbette said. 'Don't mess with boy cousins, and don't have babies until you're grown.'" (Chapter 15, p.116)
Bobbette knows what she's talking about. This mindset was rare for women in those days who wanted, contrary to Bobbette's advice, to have many kids so that in the future, the kids will benefit the parents. Bobbette not only teaches Deborah to value herself and fight back against anyone who tries to take advantage of her, but also tells her the consequences of cousin-incest. This breaks the cycle of cousin-incest in Lacks Town, with Bobbette being one of the first non-Lacks to marry a Lacks.

8. " . . . a tiny woman's dress shoe with open toes. I wondered if it was Henrietta's" (Chapter 16, p. 120).
Even when Henrietta's objects still remain present, people behave as if she did not exist, which is ironic considering how popular her cells are. Perhaps there are other reasons why those who knew Henrietta didn't want to talk about her. Maybe they were tired of talking of her to the reporters and scientists who took advantage of them and harassed them for information.

9. "'I heard they did a lot of research and some of her cells have develop a lot of curing other diseases'" (Chapter 16, p.122).
Cliff seems to have a more positive response to the scientific research of HeLa cells than the Lack's did. He didn't suffer as much harassment from the press as the Lack's family did but he has a point in the positivity in this tone. The HeLa cells, despite bringing about injustice to the Lack's, solved many of the world's medical problems and is probably one of the most vital medical advancements in history.

10. "'My daddy's uncle kept a lot of the colored Lackses as salves.' Ruby said. 'That must be where they got their name. Evidently they took it when they left the plantation. That's the only thing I can figure" (Chapter 16, p.125).
Ruby is either ignorant of the slave-master relationships between the white Lacks and the colored Lacks or is a racist who chooses to pretend that such relationships didn't happen, even though she and Henrietta are related. 

Saturday, October 18, 2014

The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Chapter 11-12

HeLa Chapter 11
1)diaphragm(83)-a muscular, membranous or ligamentous wall separating two cavities or limiting a cavity.

2)transfusion(83)-the direct transferring of blood, plasma, or the like into a blood vessel.

3)nauseated(83)-to affect with nausea; sicken.

4)asbestos(83)-a fibrous mineral, either amphibole or chrysotile, formerly used for making incombustible or fireproof articles.

5)calluses(83)-a hardened or thickened part of the skin; a callosity.

6)thrashing(85)-the act of a person or thing that thrashes.

7)convulsed(85)-to cause to suffer violent, spasmodic contractions of the muscles.

8)ward(85)-a division, floor, or room of a hospital for a particular class or group of patients

9)analgesics(85)-a remedy that relieves or allays pain.

10)disoriented(85)-confused as to time or place; out of touch



HeLa Chapter 12
1)obituary(89)-a notice of the death of a person, often with a biographical sketch, as in a newspaper.

2)autopsy(89)-inspection and dissection of a body after death, as for determination of the cause of death; postmortem examination.

3)morgue(90)-a place in which bodies are kept, especially the bodies of victims of violence or accidents, pending identification or burial.

4)pathologist(90)-the science or the study of the origin, nature, and course of diseases

5)incision(90)-a cut, gash, or notch.

6)formaldehyde(90)-a colorless, toxic, potentially carcinogenic, water-soluble gas, CH 2 O, having a suffocating odor, usually derived from methyl alcohol by oxidation: used chiefly in aqueous solution, as a disinfectant and preservative, and in the manufacture of various resins and plastics.

7)uremia(90)-a condition resulting from the retention in the blood of constituents normally excreted in the urine.

8)toxins(90)-any poison produced by an organism, characterized by antigenicity in certain animals and high molecular weight, and including the bacterial toxins that are the causative agents of tetanus, diphtheria, etc., and such plant and animal toxins as ricin and snake venom.

9)catheter(90)-a flexible or rigid hollow tube employed to drain fluids from body cavities or to distend body passages, especially one for passing into the bladder through the urethra to draw off urine or into the heart through a leg vein or arm vein for diagnostic examination.

10)undertaker(91)-funeral director

Friday, October 17, 2014

Why do you think Henrietta wasn't more vocal about her condition? Give support for your conclusion.

Henrietta did not express her pains over her conditions because she could not be weak, or at least she could not appear weak. She keeps her family stable by watching over the children, caring for Day, and cooking for all her family members. If Henrietta showed pain then the rest of her family would falter. Even when she decided to come out about her cancer, she only told two of her closest cousins, and lessened the situation by saying "Nothing serious wrong with me . . . I'm fine" (46). I think that Henrietta wanted to protect her family and not worry them, even if it meant silently suffering through the pains of cancer and cancer treatment.

Was John Gey ethical when he took Henrietta's cells? Why or why not?

No; Gey did not have consent from Henrietta or anyone in Henrietta's family to use her tissues for research. Henrietta only signed a form that allowed doctors to perform necessary surgery, and even then she was manipulated into signing it by the nurses, considering that Henrietta lacked the ability to read and comprehend words. When Gey took her cells, it was more for his cell culture project than for helping Henrietta be rid of her cancer.

The HeLa cells proved to be revolutionary to the world of medicine, but in the instant that Gey ultimately stole Henrietta's cells, the Lacks's family would enter a life of suffering and injustice. Politically, his actions were beneficial to all of mankind. Ethically, it was unjust, especially after seeing how the Lacks dealt with the consequences without any royalties
.

Wednesday, October 8, 2014

How are tumors formed?

Tumors are masses of cancer cells that pile up. It starts with one mutation, turning a regular cell into a cancerous cell. The cancerous cell behaves abnormally in that they have no signal to tell them when to start and stop reproducing so they are continually doing so. Oncogenes turn normal cells into cancer cells by interfering with these dividing signals. The suppressors will try to stop cancer cells from behaving abnormally, but the cancer cells usually overcome the suppressors. The cells can also destroy themselves in a process called apoptosis, but once the cells become cancerous, then apoptosis is not possible. Scientists have developed several drugs to treat cancer but the cells that escape treatment metastasize and form new, stronger, drug-resistant tumors.